Zotsatira za Zinthu Zamankhwala pa Kapangidwe ka Mbale Yachitsulo
Chitsulo cha chitsulo ndi kaboni chokhala ndi mpweya wochepera 2.11% chimatchedwa chitsulo. Kupatula zigawo za mankhwala monga chitsulo (Fe) ndi kaboni (C), chitsulocho chilinso ndi silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), phosphorous (P), sulfure (S), mpweya (O), nayitrogeni (N), niobium (Nb) ndi titaniyamu (Ti). Mphamvu ya zinthu zodziwika bwino za mankhwala pa zinthu zachitsulo ndi iyi:
1. Mpweya wa kaboni (C): Pamene kaboni wachuluka mu chitsulo, mphamvu ya kaboni ndi mphamvu ya kukoka zimawonjezeka, koma pulasitiki ndi mphamvu ya kugunda zimachepa; Komabe, pamene kaboni wachuluka kuposa 0.23%, mphamvu ya chitsulo yowotcherera imachepa. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa kaboni mu chitsulo chopangidwa ndi alloy yochepa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera nthawi zambiri sichidutsa 0.20%. Kuwonjezeka kwa kaboni kudzachepetsanso kukana dzimbiri mumlengalenga kwa chitsulo, ndipo chitsulo chochuluka cha kaboni chimakhala chosavuta kuwononga mumlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, kaboni imatha kuwonjezera kufooka kwa kuzizira ndi kukalamba kwa chitsulo.
2. Silicon (Si): Silicon ndi deoxidizer yamphamvu popanga chitsulo, ndipo kuchuluka kwa silicon mu chitsulo chophedwa nthawi zambiri kumakhala 0.12%-0.37%. Ngati kuchuluka kwa silicon mu chitsulo kupitirira 0.50%, silicon imatchedwa alloying element. Silicon imatha kusintha kwambiri malire a elastic, mphamvu yotulutsa ndi mphamvu yokoka ya chitsulo, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chitsulo cha masika. Kuwonjezera silicon ya 1.0-1.2% mu chitsulo chozimitsidwa komanso chofewa kumatha kuwonjezera mphamvu ndi 15-20%. Kuphatikiza ndi silicon, molybdenum, tungsten ndi chromium, kumatha kusintha kukana dzimbiri ndi kukana okosijeni, ndipo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga chitsulo cholimba kutentha. Chitsulo chotsika cha kaboni chokhala ndi silicon ya 1.0-4.0%, chokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya maginito, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsulo chamagetsi m'makampani amagetsi. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa silicon kudzachepetsa kuthekera kwa weld kwa chitsulo.
3. Manganese (Mn): Manganese ndi deoxidizer yabwino komanso desulfurizer. Kawirikawiri, chitsulo chimakhala ndi manganese 0.30-0.50%. Manganese yoposa 0.70% ikawonjezedwa ku chitsulo cha kaboni, imatchedwa "chitsulo cha manganese". Poyerekeza ndi chitsulo wamba, sichimangokhala ndi kulimba kokwanira, komanso chimakhala ndi mphamvu komanso kuuma kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitsulo chizigwira ntchito bwino komanso chizigwira ntchito bwino. Chitsulo chokhala ndi manganese 11-14% chimakhala ndi kukana kwambiri kukalamba, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chidebe chofukula, choyikapo mill, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa manganese, kukana dzimbiri kwa chitsulo kumachepa ndipo magwiridwe antchito a welding amachepa.
4. Phosphorus (P): Kawirikawiri, phosphorous ndi chinthu choopsa mu chitsulo, chomwe chimawonjezera mphamvu ya chitsulo, koma chimachepetsa kulimba kwa chitsulo, chimawonjezera kufooka kwa chitsulo, ndikuwononga magwiridwe antchito a welding ndi magwiridwe antchito ozizira. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri phosphorous mu chitsulo ndi yochepera 0.045%, ndipo kufunikira kwa chitsulo chapamwamba kumakhala kotsika.
5. Sulfure (S): Sulfure ndi chinthu choopsa pazochitika zabwinobwino. Chimapangitsa chitsulo kukhala chotentha, chimachepetsa kulimba ndi kulimba kwa chitsulo, ndipo chimayambitsa ming'alu panthawi yopangira ndi kugubuduza. Sulfure imawononganso magwiridwe antchito a welding ndipo imachepetsa kukana dzimbiri. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa sulfure nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera 0.055%, ndipo kwa chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri kumakhala kochepera 0.040%. Kuwonjezera sulfure 0.08-0.20% kuchitsulo kungathandize kuti mach-implicity, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa free-cutting steel.
6. Aluminiyamu (Al): Aluminiyamu ndi deoxidizer yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu chitsulo. Kuwonjezera aluminiyamu pang'ono kuchitsulo kungathandize kukulitsa kukula kwa tirigu ndikuwonjezera kulimba kwa mphamvu; Aluminiyamu imakhalanso ndi kukana kwa okosijeni ndi dzimbiri. Kuphatikiza kwa aluminiyamu ndi chromium ndi silicon kungathandize kwambiri kuti chitsulo chizigwira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso kuti chitsulo chizigwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Vuto la aluminiyamu ndilakuti limakhudza momwe chitsulo chimagwirira ntchito bwino, momwe chimagwirira ntchito bwino komanso momwe chimadulira chitsulo.
7. Mpweya wa okosijeni (O) ndi nayitrogeni (N): Mpweya wa okosijeni ndi nayitrogeni ndi zinthu zovulaza zomwe zingalowe kuchokera mu mpweya wa ng'anjo chitsulo chikasungunuka. Mpweya wa okosijeni ukhoza kupangitsa chitsulo kukhala chotentha kwambiri, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zoopsa kuposa za sulfure. Nayitrogeni ikhoza kupangitsa chitsulo kukhala chozizira kukhala chofanana ndi cha phosphorous. Mphamvu ya nayitrogeni yokalamba imatha kuwonjezera kuuma ndi mphamvu ya chitsulo, koma imachepetsa kulimba ndi kusinthasintha, makamaka pankhani ya kukalamba.
8. Niobium (Nb), vanadium (V) ndi titaniyamu (Ti): Niobium, vanadium ndi titaniyamu zonse ndi zinthu zoyeretsera tirigu. Kuonjezera zinthuzi moyenera kungathandize kukonza kapangidwe ka chitsulo, kuyeretsa tirigu komanso kulimbitsa kwambiri mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa chitsulo.
